A transport used by an Earth research team in the Arctic in 2153, taken over and rebuilt by Borg drones recovered from wreckage in the ice.
Arctic One is a small transport that serves a team of scientists studying debris found under the Arctic ice. It appears in the episode Regeneration.
The debris is the remains of the Borg sphere destroyed over Earth in 2063. The researchers thaw two cybernetic bodies, which revive, assimilate the team and leave Earth in the transport. Starfleet sends Enterprise after it.
By the time Archer catches up, the ship has been heavily modified, is travelling far faster than its design allows and has attacked a Tarkalean freighter. The drones begin to assimilate Enterprise as well. Archer and Reed board it to cripple its systems, and Enterprise then destroys the transport, though not before it sends a signal towards the Delta Quadrant.