The Federation body responsible for prisons and the treatment of offenders, based in Stockholm, to which a crate from the Tantalus colony was addressed with a fugitive hidden inside.
The Central Bureau of Penology administers the Federation's penal colonies in the era of the Original Series, a time when such institutions are meant to heal rather than punish.
It is mentioned in the episode Dagger of the Mind. The Enterprise delivers supplies to the Tantalus colony, run by the celebrated reformer Doctor Tristan Adams, and takes on a container of research material addressed to the Bureau in Stockholm. Hidden inside is Simon van Gelder, Adams's deputy, half mad and desperate for asylum.
Kirk's investigation reveals that Adams has been abusing a device called the neural neutraliser to empty and remake minds. After Adams dies under his own machine, van Gelder takes charge of the colony and dismantles it.